Lightning Damage
10% increased Lightning Damage
Lightning Damage Attr /4
Name | Show Full Descriptions |
---|---|
ID | shock_mitigation1__ |
Icon | Art/2DArt/SkillIcons/passives/lightningint.png |
PassiveSkillsHash | 20649 |
Tags | isKeystone: false isNotable: false isAscendancyStart: false isMultipleChoice: false isMultipleChoiceOption: false isBlighted: false isJewelSocket: false isMastery: false isProxy: false isUsed: true isRoyale: false |
Lightning Damage
10% increased Lightning Damage
Lightning Damage Attr /4
Name | Show Full Descriptions |
---|---|
ID | shock_mitigation10 |
Icon | Art/2DArt/SkillIcons/passives/lightningint.png |
PassiveSkillsHash | 38270 |
Tags | isKeystone: false isNotable: false isAscendancyStart: false isMultipleChoice: false isMultipleChoiceOption: false isBlighted: false isJewelSocket: false isMastery: false isProxy: false isUsed: true isRoyale: false |
Lightning Damage
10% increased Lightning Damage
Lightning Damage Attr /4
Name | Show Full Descriptions |
---|---|
ID | shock_mitigation11 |
Icon | Art/2DArt/SkillIcons/passives/lightningint.png |
PassiveSkillsHash | 23724 |
Tags | isKeystone: false isNotable: false isAscendancyStart: false isMultipleChoice: false isMultipleChoiceOption: false isBlighted: false isJewelSocket: false isMastery: false isProxy: false isUsed: true isRoyale: false |
Lightning Damage
12% increased Lightning Damage
Lightning Damage Attr /4
Name | Show Full Descriptions |
---|---|
ID | lightning1_ |
Icon | Art/2DArt/SkillIcons/passives/LightningDamagenode.png |
PassiveSkillsHash | 30662 |
Tags | isKeystone: false isNotable: false isAscendancyStart: false isMultipleChoice: false isMultipleChoiceOption: false isBlighted: false isJewelSocket: false isMastery: false isProxy: false isUsed: true isRoyale: false |
Lightning Damage
12% increased Lightning Damage
Lightning Damage Attr /4
Name | Show Full Descriptions |
---|---|
ID | lightning2 |
Icon | Art/2DArt/SkillIcons/passives/LightningDamagenode.png |
PassiveSkillsHash | 25565 |
Tags | isKeystone: false isNotable: false isAscendancyStart: false isMultipleChoice: false isMultipleChoiceOption: false isBlighted: false isJewelSocket: false isMastery: false isProxy: false isUsed: true isRoyale: false |
Lightning Damage
Lightning Damage
non_skill_base_physical_damage_%_to_gain_as_lightning
Attribute /4
strdex_mission_lightning_damage
Name | Show Full Descriptions |
---|---|
IsInvisible | 1 |
BuffGroupsID | 31 |
IsBuffDefinition | 1 |
BuffMergeModesID | 2 |
Code | non skill base physical damage % to gain as lightning |
---|---|
IsPublic | 1 |
IsLocal | 0 |
IsWeaponLocal | 0 |
IsProxied | |
IsParty | 0 |
IsVirtual | 0 |
IsScalable | 1 |
StatSemantics | 1 |
lightning GemTags /86
Launch a spray of sparking Projectiles that travel erratically along the ground until they hit an enemy or expire. Consumes a Cold Infusion if possible to fire many sparks in a circle.
Launch a spray of sparking Projectiles that travel erratically along the ground until they hit an enemy or expire. Consumes a Cold Infusion if possible to fire many sparks in a circle.
Unleash a Nova of Lightning damage to Electrocute enemies. Enemies close to you take no damage while enemies at the edge of the ring take significantly more damage. Enemies Hit can be Electrocuted by all Lightning damage for a short duration.
Teleport inside the target's body, causing it to violently explode. Highlights enemies that can be Culled, and can only be used on these enemies or Ball Lightning Projectiles. The target is destroyed, and the explosion deals Lightning damage to surrounding enemies. If targeting an enemy, the explosion also creates Shocked Ground. Creates a Lightning Infusion on successful use.
Suffuse your Quarterstaff with electrical energy, then Slam the ground to deal damage in a large cone in front of you. Consumes your Power Charges to fire Lightning Projectiles forwards from the impact.
Fire a slow-moving Projectile that moves through enemies. The Projectile itself does not Hit enemies, but repeatedly discharges bolts of Lightning at nearby enemies. Consumes a Fire Infusion if possible to slow down over time, create Ignited Ground as it travels, and explode dealing Fire damage in an Area after it dissipates.
Throw a single copy of your spear. When it hits an enemy it bursts, firing secondary lightning bolt Projectiles at multiple other enemies within a large area around it. Consumes a Frenzy Charge if possible to cause the main spear to split into multiple copies on impact, each of which then bursts.
Supports any skill that Hits enemies, causing you to recover Energy Shield when it kills a Shocked enemy.
Fire a bouncing Grenade that discharges an Electrocuting Lightning blast when its fuse expires, causing all Lightning Hits against enemies to contribute to Electrocution buildup for a duration.
Perform a series of aggressive Strikes. When used in quick succession, the third use Strikes three times, and the fourth use performs a Final Strike that calls down a powerful Shocking bolt.
Dash to a target and Strike them with your Quarterstaff. If the target is Shocked, Consume their Shock to release a Lightning shockwave around the target and grant you a Power Charge. This skill cannot be Ancestrally Boosted.
Supports any skill that Hits enemies. Nearby enemies are marked when they are Primed for Electrocution, and hitting a marked enemy with a supported skill will Electrocute them.
Fire an arrow that drops from above, creating a Lightning burst. The arrow remains in the ground, and any Chaining Lightning beams can Chain to it. When Chained to, the arrows charge up for a brief period before releasing another Lightning burst. The Lightning Arrow Skill skips this delay, causing bursts immediately.
Fire an electrifying arrow that explodes in an Area on Hit. Hitting an enemy will attach an Electrocuting Rod to them, causing all incoming Lightning damage to build up Electrocution. This rod is removed when the enemy is next Electrocuted.
Consume the elemental energy from a Frozen, Shocked or Ignited enemy, creating an elemental blast that leaves behind an Infusion Remnant. The blast will spread to other enemies affected by the same Ailment, but those blasts cannot spread further. Can also be cast on a Frostbolt to create a larger cold blast.
Supports any Skill which can deal Damage. Lightning Damage from Supported Skills can inflict Electrocute, but Supported Skills cannot inflict Shock.
Dash to an enemy and nullify their Resistance. Hitting an enemy with positive Elemental Resistance will reduce their highest Elemental Resistance to 0 for a duration and triggers Infuse Weapon, granting your Spear the maximum possible Surges corresponding to the removed Resistance. If this skill doesn't remove any Resistances, its cooldown is reset. This skill cannot be Ancestrally Boosted.
Conjure a crackling Wellsprite that hovers above you. After a short duration, the Wellsprite launches at an enemy, dealing Lightning damage in an area on impact and prioritising the last enemy targeted. Recasting this spell resets the duration for all active Wellsprites.
Load your Crossbow with unstable bolts that require a lengthy charging period to fire but deal devastating damage, Pierce through enemies, and explode upon hitting terrain. Additional Projectiles are fired in a spread, unlike other Crossbow Skills.
Load your Crossbow with charged bolts that fragment in flight, releasing Chaining Lightning beams when they Hit enemies. These fragments can Merge.
Load your Crossbow with charged bolts that land around the target location and explode if hit by a Detonator Skill. Using this Skill again reloads the clip.
Load your Crossbow with a clip of charged bolts which release damaging pulses upon Hitting an enemy affected by a Lightning Ailment. Using this Skill again reloads the clip.
Create a stationary Fire, Cold or Lightning storm at a target location for a duration, based on the highest Elemental Damage type for the Hit that Triggered the storm. Hits which do not deal Elemental Damage will not Trigger the storm.
Supports Lightning skills, granting them an additional level. Does not support skills which do not have levels.
Fire a Lightning-charged arrow that homes in on enemies afflicted by Lightning Ailments. Hitting such an enemy will charge the arrow, causing it to release a damaging shockwave and split beams towards up to two nearby targets. Those beams will repeat this process if they hit an enemy afflicted by a Lightning Ailment. Consumes Shock from enemies it Hits, but not Electrocution.
Sweep your Quarterstaff, projecting a bolt of Lightning through the ground in a long fissure ahead of you.
Create a fiery explosion, an arcing bolt of lightning, or an icy wave of projectiles. The chance for an explosion is proportional to your Strength, for a bolt proportional to your Dexterity, and for a wave proportional to your Intelligence.
Gain Unbound Fury by inflicting Elemental Ailments with Hits on enemies. Once you reach maximum Unbound Fury, consume it to become Unbound for a duration, vastly augmenting your Elemental prowess.
Passively manifests a protective barrier which takes Elemental Damage from Hits for you until depleted. The barrier instantly recharges to its full value a short time after it stops taking damage or is fully depleted.
While active, causes your Non-Channelling Spells to cost additional mana and deal extra Lightning damage, both based on your maximum Mana.
Flip backward and Channel to charge your Quarterstaff with Lightning. Releasing dashes towards the target location, damaging enemies along the way. Releasing with Perfect Timing performs a Lightning-assisted dash that releases shockwaves from enemies you dash through and leaves a trail of Shocked Ground in your wake. This skill cannot be Ancestrally Boosted.
Supports Projectile Attack Skills you use yourself. Supported Skills gain Voltaic Charge as you move, up to a maximum. When used, Supported Skills expend that Charge to gain extra Lightning Damage.
Supports Channelling Skills. While Channelling Supported Skills, you gain Lightning Thorns based off of your maximum Mana.
[DNT] Grounding Shocks Support
[DNT] Zap, shoot
Perform a Lightning-charged stab that can be chained into a combination of up to three attacks. The first two attacks conjure a charging Wildwood spirit if they Hit a Shocked enemy and refresh Shock duration. The third attack is a large swipe that inflicts Elemental Exposure, and can Consume Shock to conjure a stampede of spirits.
Throw an electrified Spear that lodges in the ground and periodically zaps nearby enemies with Lightning bolts. If the Spear is Detonated by another Skill, it immediately unleashes a volley of bolts and expires. Consumes a Frenzy Charge if possible to fire bolts more frequently for a shorter duration, automatically Detonate at the end of its duration, and create Shocked Ground on Detonation.
Become attuned to all Elements building up Fire, Cold and Lightning Resonance based off the highest Elemental Damage type dealt by your Hits. Your Elemental Damage is enhanced the more Resonance of any type you have.
Grants your weapon Surges. Non-Melee Projectile Attacks with that weapon Consume Surges to cause the Projectiles fired to explode at the end of their flight.
Consume all Power Charges to master the elements, gaining Elemental Damage and the ability to apply Elemental Ailments with other damage types. Can only be used while you have maximum Power Charges.
Supports Skills which cause Damaging Hits. Living Lightning Minions are created when dealing Lightning damage with Supported Skills - bundles of living electricity that target nearby enemies with Chaining Attacks. Enemies will not directly engage these Minions, and can pass through them. Does not modify skills used by Minions.
Supports Skills which cause Damaging Hits. Living Lightning Minions are created when dealing Lightning damage with Supported Skills - bundles of living electricity that target nearby enemies with Chaining Attacks. Enemies will not directly engage these Minions, and can pass through them. Does not modify skills used by Minions.
Lightning Damage
(7–12)% increased Lightning Damage
Lightning Damage Attr /6
Name | Value |
---|---|
Source | Timeless Jewel |
Code | vaal_small_lightning_damage |
Icon | Art/2DArt/SkillIcons/passives/VaalOffensive.png |
Name | Lightning Damage |
Weight | 75 |
Stats |
Lightning Ref /129
Lightning Damage
Lightning damage is one of the five Damage Types. It is reduced by Lightning Resistance. Lightning hits have a chance to Shock based on how much Lightning damage is dealt.

+200 Intelligence Requirement
+100 Strength Requirement
(250–350)% increased Physical Damage
(10–20)% increased Attack Speed
+(2–4) to Level of all Lightning Skills
+(60–80) to maximum Life
+100% of Armour also applies to Lightning Damage
Enemies in your Presence have Lightning Resistance equal to yours
Lightning Resistance does not affect Lightning damage taken
10% increased Movement Speed
Drop Shocked Ground while moving, lasting 8 seconds
Cold Damage from Hits Contributes to Flammability and Ignite Magnitudes instead of Chill Magnitude or Freeze Buildup
+(60–90) to maximum Mana
+(20–30)% to Lightning Resistance
Attacks cost an additional 6% of your maximum Mana
+(3–5)% to Critical Hit Chance
(15–20)% increased Attack Speed
(25–40)% increased Mana Regeneration Rate
Skills reserve 50% less Spirit
+(20–30)% to Lightning Resistance
-10% to Cold Resistance
+(20–30)% to Lightning Resistance
(30–50)% increased Mana Regeneration Rate

(100–300)% increased Evasion Rating
+1% to Maximum Fire Resistance
+2% to Maximum Cold Resistance
+3% to Maximum Lightning Resistance
+2 to Level of all Cold Skills
+1 to Level of all Fire Skills
+3 to Level of all Lightning Skills


(80–120)% increased Lightning Damage
(10–20)% increased Cast Speed
(20–30)% increased Mana Regeneration Rate
(10–15)% increased Attack Speed
All damage with this Weapon causes Electrocution buildup
+(20–30)% to Lightning Resistance
+(10–20) to Intelligence
(25–35)% increased Mana Regeneration Rate
(20–30)% increased Freeze Buildup
+(20–30)% to Cold Resistance
(5–10)% increased Skill Speed
+(10–20) to Dexterity
(25–35)% increased Mana Regeneration Rate
+(20–30)% to Lightning Resistance
+(40–60) to maximum Mana
(10–20)% increased chance to Shock
+1 to Level of all Lightning Skills
(10–20)% increased Rarity of Items found
+(10–20) to all Attributes
Lightning Resistance is unaffected by Area Penalties
You can only Socket Emerald Jewels in this item

No Physical Damage
(15–30)% increased Attack Speed
(50–100)% increased chance to Shock
local weapon implicit hidden added maximum chaos damage [71]
local weapon implicit hidden added minimum chaos damage [43]
local weapon implicit hidden added minimum chaos damage [43]
(10–15)% increased Attack Speed
+(15–25) to Intelligence
+(25–35)% to Lightning Resistance
(5–10)% increased Attack Speed
+(20–30) to Strength
+(20–30) to Dexterity
+(30–50)% to Lightning Resistance
Used when you become Shocked
(10–20)% increased Duration

+(20–30) to Dexterity
25% increased Light Radius
Grants effect of Guided Tempest Shrine

+(80–100) to maximum Life
+(20–30) to Dexterity
(-40–-30)% to Lightning Resistance
lightning coil replace damage hit effect index [110]
Launch a spray of sparking Projectiles that travel erratically along the ground until they hit an enemy or expire. Consumes a Cold Infusion if possible to fire many sparks in a circle.
Launch a spray of sparking Projectiles that travel erratically along the ground until they hit an enemy or expire. Consumes a Cold Infusion if possible to fire many sparks in a circle.
Unleash a Nova of Lightning damage to Electrocute enemies. Enemies close to you take no damage while enemies at the edge of the ring take significantly more damage. Enemies Hit can be Electrocuted by all Lightning damage for a short duration.
Teleport inside the target's body, causing it to violently explode. Highlights enemies that can be Culled, and can only be used on these enemies or Ball Lightning Projectiles. The target is destroyed, and the explosion deals Lightning damage to surrounding enemies. If targeting an enemy, the explosion also creates Shocked Ground. Creates a Lightning Infusion on successful use.
Suffuse your Quarterstaff with electrical energy, then Slam the ground to deal damage in a large cone in front of you. Consumes your Power Charges to fire Lightning Projectiles forwards from the impact.
Fire a slow-moving Projectile that moves through enemies. The Projectile itself does not Hit enemies, but repeatedly discharges bolts of Lightning at nearby enemies. Consumes a Fire Infusion if possible to slow down over time, create Ignited Ground as it travels, and explode dealing Fire damage in an Area after it dissipates.
Throw a single copy of your spear. When it hits an enemy it bursts, firing secondary lightning bolt Projectiles at multiple other enemies within a large area around it. Consumes a Frenzy Charge if possible to cause the main spear to split into multiple copies on impact, each of which then bursts.
Fire a bouncing Grenade that discharges an Electrocuting Lightning blast when its fuse expires, causing all Lightning Hits against enemies to contribute to Electrocution buildup for a duration.
Perform a series of aggressive Strikes. When used in quick succession, the third use Strikes three times, and the fourth use performs a Final Strike that calls down a powerful Shocking bolt.
Consume all Power Charges to charge your Quarterstaff with electricity, adding Lightning damage and a Lightning shockwave to your Quarterstaff Attacks. Reusing this skill while the Buff is active adds to the Buff's duration and damage.
Fire an arrow that drops from above, creating a Lightning burst. The arrow remains in the ground, and any Chaining Lightning beams can Chain to it. When Chained to, the arrows charge up for a brief period before releasing another Lightning burst. The Lightning Arrow Skill skips this delay, causing bursts immediately.
Fire an electrifying arrow that explodes in an Area on Hit. Hitting an enemy will attach an Electrocuting Rod to them, causing all incoming Lightning damage to build up Electrocution. This rod is removed when the enemy is next Electrocuted.
Supports any Skill which can deal Damage. Lightning Damage from Supported Skills can inflict Electrocute, but Supported Skills cannot inflict Shock.
Conjure a crackling Wellsprite that hovers above you. After a short duration, the Wellsprite launches at an enemy, dealing Lightning damage in an area on impact and prioritising the last enemy targeted. Recasting this spell resets the duration for all active Wellsprites.
Supports Lightning skills, granting them an additional level. Does not support skills which do not have levels.
Fire a Lightning-charged arrow that homes in on enemies afflicted by Lightning Ailments. Hitting such an enemy will charge the arrow, causing it to release a damaging shockwave and split beams towards up to two nearby targets. Those beams will repeat this process if they hit an enemy afflicted by a Lightning Ailment. Consumes Shock from enemies it Hits, but not Electrocution.
Sweep your Quarterstaff, projecting a bolt of Lightning through the ground in a long fissure ahead of you.
While active, causes your Non-Channelling Spells to cost additional mana and deal extra Lightning damage, both based on your maximum Mana.
Flip backward and Channel to charge your Quarterstaff with Lightning. Releasing dashes towards the target location, damaging enemies along the way. Releasing with Perfect Timing performs a Lightning-assisted dash that releases shockwaves from enemies you dash through and leaves a trail of Shocked Ground in your wake. This skill cannot be Ancestrally Boosted.
Supports Projectile Attack Skills you use yourself. Supported Skills gain Voltaic Charge as you move, up to a maximum. When used, Supported Skills expend that Charge to gain extra Lightning Damage.
Supports Channelling Skills. While Channelling Supported Skills, you gain Lightning Thorns based off of your maximum Mana.
Perform a Lightning-charged stab that can be chained into a combination of up to three attacks. The first two attacks conjure a charging Wildwood spirit if they Hit a Shocked enemy and refresh Shock duration. The third attack is a large swipe that inflicts Elemental Exposure, and can Consume Shock to conjure a stampede of spirits.
Throw an electrified Spear that lodges in the ground and periodically zaps nearby enemies with Lightning bolts. If the Spear is Detonated by another Skill, it immediately unleashes a volley of bolts and expires. Consumes a Frenzy Charge if possible to fire bolts more frequently for a shorter duration, automatically Detonate at the end of its duration, and create Shocked Ground on Detonation.
Supports Skills which cause Damaging Hits. Living Lightning Minions are created when dealing Lightning damage with Supported Skills - bundles of living electricity that target nearby enemies with Chaining Attacks. Enemies will not directly engage these Minions, and can pass through them. Does not modify skills used by Minions.
Supports Skills which cause Damaging Hits. Living Lightning Minions are created when dealing Lightning damage with Supported Skills - bundles of living electricity that target nearby enemies with Chaining Attacks. Enemies will not directly engage these Minions, and can pass through them. Does not modify skills used by Minions.
Supports Skills that can cause Damaging Hits, granting extra Chaos damage and causing Chaos damage to Contribute to Shock.
Storm Rune
Stack Size: 1 / 10
Requires: Level 15
Lesser Storm Rune
Stack Size: 1 / 10
Greater Storm Rune
Stack Size: 1 / 10
Requires: Level 30
Thane Leld's Rune of Spring
Stack Size: 1 / 10
Requires: Level 50
Place into an empty Rune Socket in a Martial Weapon to apply its effect to that item. Once socketed it cannot be retrieved but can be replaced by other socketable items.
Zalatl's Soul Core of Insulation
Stack Size: 1 / 10
Requires: Level 50
Place into an empty Rune Socket in a pair of Boots to apply its effect to that item. Once socketed it cannot be retrieved but can be replaced by other socketable items.
Stag Talisman
Stack Size: 1 / 10
Place into an empty Rune Socket in a Helmet or Sceptre to apply its effect to that item. Once socketed it cannot be retrieved but can be replaced by other socketable items.
Topaz Charm
Lasts 4 Second
Consumes 20 of 40 Charges on use
Currently has 40 Charges
+25% to Lightning Resistance
Requires: Level 5
40% increased chance to Shock
14% increased Lightning Damage
Ascendancy: Infernalist
Character: Witch
Shock
Shock is an Ailment that causes targets to take 20% increased damage, and lasts 4 seconds on players or 8 seconds on non-players by default.
Lightning damage from Hits Contributes to chance to Shock enemies. The higher the Lightning damage dealt, the higher the chance. By default a Hit has 1% chance to Shock for every 4% of the target's Ailment Threshold dealt.
Lightning damage from Hits Contributes to chance to Shock enemies. The higher the Lightning damage dealt, the higher the chance. By default a Hit has 1% chance to Shock for every 4% of the target's Ailment Threshold dealt.
Electrocution
Electrocution is an Ailment that interrupts the target's actions and prevents them performing any action, and lasts 5 seconds by default.
Only Lightning damage from Hits with specific skills or effects Contributes to Electrocution Buildup on enemies until they become Electrocuted. Other sources of Lightning damage will not build up towards Electrocution.
Only Lightning damage from Hits with specific skills or effects Contributes to Electrocution Buildup on enemies until they become Electrocuted. Other sources of Lightning damage will not build up towards Electrocution.
Resistances
Resistances reduce damage taken of the corresponding damage type — Fire, Cold, Lightning or Chaos — up to a Maximum. Fire, Cold and Lightning Resistances are Elemental Resistances.
Player resistances are lowered as you progress through the game, and can be improved with Equipment, Passives & Quest items.
Player resistances are lowered as you progress through the game, and can be improved with Equipment, Passives & Quest items.
Damage Conversion
Damage can be converted from one type to another. This causes it to deal the new damage type, scale with modifiers to the new damage type, and no longer scale with modifiers to the old damage type.
For example, Fire damage converted to Lightning now scales with Lightning damage modifiers and causes Shock, but no longer scales with Fire damage modifiers or causes Ignite.
Conversion is a two step process. Conversion inherent to Skills occurs first, then Conversion from all other sources. Damage over time cannot be converted.
For example, Fire damage converted to Lightning now scales with Lightning damage modifiers and causes Shock, but no longer scales with Fire damage modifiers or causes Ignite.
Conversion is a two step process. Conversion inherent to Skills occurs first, then Conversion from all other sources. Damage over time cannot be converted.
Damage Gained as extra X
Damage gained as a specific damage type only scales with modifiers to the new type, not with modifiers to the source damage's type (unless they're the same type).
For example, Lightning damage gained from Physical damage scales with Lightning damage modifiers, but not Physical damage modifiers.
Damage Gain occurs in the same two step process as Damage Conversion. Damage over time cannot benefit from damage Gain.
For example, Lightning damage gained from Physical damage scales with Lightning damage modifiers, but not Physical damage modifiers.
Damage Gain occurs in the same two step process as Damage Conversion. Damage over time cannot benefit from damage Gain.
Spirit Of The Stag
Players possessed by the Spirit Of The Stag have +30% to all Elemental Resistances, 30% increased Skill Speed, 15% increased Movement Speed and Gain 20% of Damage as Extra Lightning Damage.
Players will also periodically summon a spiritual Stag that calls down Lightning bolts.
Players will also periodically summon a spiritual Stag that calls down Lightning bolts.
Obelisk of Cleansing
An Obelisk of Cleansing is an object that activates once a player gets close enough; granting a 10 second Buff that grants 100% Item Rarity, 50% increased Defences and makes players Gain 30% of Damage as extra Lightning Damage.
Siphons Mana and Deals Lightning Damage
Monster creates a circular effect that drains Mana and deals Lightning Damage over time to enemies near the edge of the circle.
Edit
Wikis Content is available under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.
Wikis Content is available under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.